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Reading list

Original experiments, clinical trials and reviews for the four entries in the collection.

Reading by subject

For NAD+, place the NR blood-measurement trial beside the review of human ageing evidence. The experiment shows a reliable biochemical change; the review asks how much health benefit the wider record can support. The muscle-insulin-sensitivity trial adds a more local result.

For BPC-157, the gastric-ulcer experiments in rats explain the starting point, and the 2025 musculoskeletal review describes how little human testing followed. The rat-and-dog disposition study is useful for the short-exposure question.

The semaglutide entry draws on FLOW, SELECT, SUSTAIN-6 and STEP 1. Their names can obscure the important differences in participants and outcomes, so I would have those details beside the results. The safety review supplies a useful counterweight to efficacy alone.

For tirzepatide, the direct comparisons are SURPASS-2 in type 2 diabetes and SURMOUNT-5 in obesity without type 2 diabetes. The pancreas and gallbladder review tackles a separate safety question. The complete list follows.

  1. Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. ↗
  2. McGuire FP, et al. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  3. He L, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
  4. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  5. Xue XC, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1032-1037. ↗
  6. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, van Weeghel M, Cantó C, Zapata-Pérez R, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7:1974-1990. ↗
  7. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, Lin Z, Vaidya A, Pendse S, Thasma S, Andhalkar N, Avhad G, Kumbhar V. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience 2023. 2023;45:29-43. ↗
  8. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372:1224-1229. ↗
  9. Covarrubias AJ, et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021. ↗
  10. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  11. Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  12. Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  13. Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. ↗
  14. Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  15. Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. ↗
  16. Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  17. Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. ↗
  18. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. ↗
  19. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. ↗
  20. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. ↗
  21. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗